You have to learn to walk before you can run. The same applies to investors wanting to know how to trade futures.
Before trading these derivatives securities, eager beginners should understand what futures are, how they work and why both professional and experienced retail investors use them.
According to Statista, the number of futures contracts traded globally has grown by 142% over the past decade, to 29.32 billion in 2022 from 12.13 billion in 2013. The options market has grown even faster as the investors' appetite for speculation and risk has increased significantly.
Sign up for Kiplinger’s Free E-Newsletters
Profit and prosper with the best of expert advice on investing, taxes, retirement, personal finance and more - straight to your e-mail.
Profit and prosper with the best of expert advice - straight to your e-mail.
To illustrate the fundamental aspects of futures trading, we will focus on their use with equity securities. However, investors also use futures for commodities, currencies, cryptocurrencies and fixed-income investments. Treasury futures are one of the most traded by investors.
Before you learn how to trade futures, you must first know what they are
Futures are derivative contracts between a buyer and a seller. The buyer agrees to buy a stock at a specified future date for a set price. The seller agrees to sell that same stock to the buyer based on the terms of the derivative contract.
Two-sided trades like these are carried out by the billions daily on futures exchanges such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), as the data from the introduction suggests.
It's important to note that the buyer and seller must meet the terms of their contract. The buyer must buy and the seller must sell. There is no walking away from your bet, unlike with call and put options, which allow the contract holder to let them expire worthless without a forced settlement. It's a big reason why options have become so popular recently.
The origin of futures in the U.S., according to CME Group's Trader's Guide to Futures, began in the mid-19th century. Farmers would sell their crops for immediate delivery at the spot or cash price, or they would agree to deliver the product at a future date. These forward contracts were private agreements between buyers and sellers.
Forward contracts are used mainly by institutional investors today because of their unregulated nature.
How do futures work?
Six components of a futures trade are essential to understand. They are contract size, contract value, tick size, price limits, mark-to-market and margin call.
Here, we dive into each, using the Nasdaq-100 E-Mini futures contract as a real-world example.
Contract size: Every asset traded as a futures contract has a standardized size. A Nasdaq-100 E-Mini futures contract is $20 times the index's price.
Contract value: This refers to the notional or total value of the underlying asset in a contract. If the Nasdaq-100 trades at $15,000, a single futures contract's notional value is $300,000 ($15,000 times $20).
It's important to understand that the notional value is much higher than the price at which the Nasdaq-100 E-Mini futures contract can be bought or sold. Using leverage, an investor pays $15,000, or 1/20th of the contract's notional value of $300,000.
Tick size: The tick size is one of the contract specifications set by futures exchanges. It tells you how much you've made or lost on your futures contract at a given time. The minimum tick size for the Nasdaq-100 E-Mini futures contract is 0.25 point, or $5 per contract (0.25 times $20).
To understand the math, assume that the Nasdaq-100 E-Mini loses 150 points in a single day. Based on the Nasdaq-100 trading at $15,000, 150 points divided by a minimum tick of 0.25 points equals 600 ticks. If you multiply that by $5 per contract, your loss is approximately $3,000. However, the easier way to calculate this is to multiply the contract size of $300,000 by 1%.
Price limits: Some futures exchanges apply limits on daily price fluctuations. This restricts the amount the price of a contract can move in either direction. These restrictions are put in place to reduce volatility.
The CME has price limits of 7%, 13% and 20% on the Nasdaq-100 E-Mini futures contracts. When prices hit 7% and 13%, up or down, from the previous day's volume-weighted average price (VWAP), trading is halted for 15 minutes to help the market reset. If they hit 20% in either direction, trading closes for the day.
Mark-to-market: At the end of each trading day, the CME and other futures exchanges set a settlement price for each contract based on the day's closing price range. A profit is credited to your trading account at your broker. Conversely, a loss is debited.
The exchanges do this to ensure traders have enough capital in their accounts to meet the daily margin requirements or performance bonds. It is an act of good faith by both the buyer and seller of the futures contract that you are good for the position.
The Nasdaq-100 E-Mini futures contract's margin is approximately 6% of the notional or contract value.
When you consider that you're not buying actual assets but derivatives of those assets, the mark-to-market process is the most sensible way to handle these bets.
Margin call: You've probably seen movies where a margin call appears in the dialog. This happens when the value of your account falls below a certain level set by your broker as part of opening your futures trading account.
Should you fail to rectify the shortfall, your broker could suspend your trading privileges or shut down the account entirely.
Why are futures traded?
To understand why futures are traded, we first need to establish who trades them. There are generally two types of traders: Hedgers and speculators. The former use futures to hedge their price risk. The latter are merely placing bets on the future direction of an asset's price.
An example of a hedger would be a portfolio manager who invests their client's assets in some of the stocks in the Nasdaq-100. While they believe the stocks bought will move higher, they can hedge their position by selling Nasdaq-100 E-Mini futures contracts to reduce the effect of any stocks in their portfolio potentially retreating in price.
An example of a speculator would be a professional or individual trader who believes the Nasdaq-100 will rise or fall in price in the future. If they are bullish, they buy Nasdaq-100 E-Mini futures contracts. Conversely, if they are bearish, they sell them.
Now that you know who uses futures contracts, it's time to answer why they do.
One word: Leverage.
In the example of the Nasdaq-100, if you have $100,000 cash to invest in the Nasdaq-100, you might buy shares of equal value in the Invesco NASDAQ 100 ETF (QQQM).
If you use your margin account to buy the ETF, based on 2:1 leverage, your cash outlay drops to $50,000 to buy $100,000 of QQQM.
Now, here's where leverage and futures contracts make sense. To capture the same $100,000 in the Nasdaq-100, you could buy one Nasdaq-100 E-Mini future for $15,000 (based on the price in our example above, not the actual market price at this exact moment).
However, it would give you $300,000 in notional value, three times the amount by cash alone or through your margin account at your broker, for significantly less of an outlay in actual cash.
Related content
- SEC Approves Spot Bitcoin ETFs: What That Means for Investors
- What Is Margin Trading?
- How to Buy Stocks
I am an expert and enthusiast assistant. I have access to a wide range of information and can provide insights on various topics. I can help answer questions, provide explanations, and engage in detailed discussions.
Regarding the concepts mentioned in the article you provided, let's discuss each one in detail:
Futures Contracts
Futures contracts are derivative contracts between a buyer and a seller. The buyer agrees to buy a stock or other asset at a specified future date for a set price, while the seller agrees to sell that same stock or asset to the buyer based on the terms of the contract. These contracts are traded on futures exchanges, such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME).
Use of Futures Contracts
Futures contracts are used by both professional and experienced retail investors for various purposes. There are two main types of traders in the futures market: hedgers and speculators.
- Hedgers: Hedgers use futures contracts to hedge their price risk. For example, a portfolio manager who invests in stocks may use futures contracts to hedge their position and reduce the impact of potential price declines in the stocks they hold.
- Speculators: Speculators are traders who place bets on the future direction of an asset's price. They may buy futures contracts if they believe the price will rise (bullish) or sell futures contracts if they believe the price will fall (bearish).
Types of Futures Contracts
While the article focuses on futures contracts used with equity securities, it's important to note that futures contracts are also used for commodities, currencies, cryptocurrencies, and fixed-income investments. For example, treasury futures are among the most traded futures contracts by investors.
Components of a Futures Trade
To understand how futures contracts work, it's essential to be familiar with the following components:
- Contract Size: Every asset traded as a futures contract has a standardized size. For example, a Nasdaq-100 E-Mini futures contract has a size of $20 times the index's price.
- Contract Value: This refers to the notional or total value of the underlying asset in a contract. For instance, if the Nasdaq-100 trades at $15,000, a single futures contract's notional value is $300,000 ($15,000 times $20).
- Tick Size: The tick size is the minimum price increment at which a futures contract can be traded. It determines the profit or loss on a contract at a given time. For example, the minimum tick size for the Nasdaq-100 E-Mini futures contract is 0.25 point, or $5 per contract (0.25 times $20).
- Price Limits: Some futures exchanges impose limits on daily price fluctuations to reduce volatility. For example, the CME has price limits of 7%, 13%, and 20% on Nasdaq-100 E-Mini futures contracts. Trading may be halted temporarily if prices hit these limits.
- Mark-to-Market: At the end of each trading day, futures exchanges set a settlement price for each contract based on the day's closing price range. Profits or losses are credited or debited to traders' accounts. This process ensures that traders have enough capital to meet margin requirements.
- Margin Call: A margin call occurs when the value of a trader's account falls below a certain level set by the broker. If the shortfall is not rectified, the broker may suspend trading privileges or close the account.
Understanding these components is crucial for effectively trading futures contracts.
Leverage in Futures Trading
One of the main reasons why futures contracts are popular is because of the leverage they offer. Leverage allows traders to control a larger position with a smaller amount of capital. In the example given in the article, buying one Nasdaq-100 E-Mini futures contract for $15,000 provides notional value of $300,000, which is three times the amount of cash invested.
By using leverage, traders can potentially amplify their gains or losses. However, it's important to note that leverage also increases the level of risk involved in trading futures contracts.
In summary, futures contracts are derivative contracts between a buyer and a seller, used by both hedgers and speculators. They are traded on futures exchanges and can be used for various types of assets. Understanding the components of a futures trade, such as contract size, contract value, tick size, price limits, mark-to-market, and margin call, is essential for successful trading. Leverage is a key feature of futures trading, allowing traders to control larger positions with a smaller amount of capital.
Let me know if there's anything else I can assist you with!
